Nationalism/Imperialism

Conflict/Conflict Resolution

1919

to

1933

Principle of self-determination raised hopes.

Successor states, Baltic states, set up.

1917 Balfour Dec. encouraged Zionists.

But, PoP denied self-determination to many, e.g. the mandates, submerged nats.

1919 India Act was rejected →Amritsar, Satyagraha campaigns.

1922 Mussolini to power - nationalist

1926 Balfour Dec. promised autonomy to the Dominions (Canada, Aust. N.Z.)

1930 2^nd Satyagraha campaign.

1931 Japan invaded Manchuria.

1931 Statute of Westminster set up the Commonwealth (independent countries)

1917-21 Russian Civil War

1918 Tty of Brest-Litovsk. Harsh

1920 Peace of Paris, flawed, est of League of Nations

1920 Russo-Polish War

1923 Fr. invasion of the Ruhr → hyperinflation

1923 Tty of Lausanne, cave-in to force

1924 Dawes Plan, easing of terms

1925 Tty of Locarno – post-war reconciliation

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, ineffective

1933

to

1945

1933 Hitler to power – lebensraum policy

1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia.

"   Germany began to rearm.

"   Govt. of India Act. Dyarchy rejected by Congress  Party.

1936-9 Spanish Civ. War, nationalists to power.

1937 Japan invaded China.

1938 Anschluss with Austria

"     Munich Pact → Ger. Annexation of the Sudetenland

1939 Ger. invasion of Poland

1941 Op. Barbarossa, Pearl Harbor, etc.

Liberation of occ. Europe, Iron Curtain

1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria

1933 failure of Geneva Disarmament conference

1935 German rearmament begun

"   Italian invasion of Ethiopia

"   Collapse of Stresa Front

1936-39 Spanish Civil War, remilit. of Rhineland

1937-39 Appeasement, Munich Pact ('38)

1939 Annex. Of rest of Czecho, invasion of Poland

1939-45 WWII

1940 Fall of Den, Nor, Low Countries, France

1941 Barbarossa, Pearl Harbor, HK, occ. of Balkans

1942 turning points, El Alamein, Stalingrad, Midway

1943 Torch, B.of Atlantic won

1944 D-Day, drive to Berlin

1945 Yalta, Potsdam, occup & division of Germ/Japan

1945

to

1963

1945-48 Soviet takeover of E. Europe

1946-54 Indo-China War, France lost colonies

1947 Independence for India/Pakistan

1948 Establishment of Israel

1949 Est. of Fed. Repub. Of Germany

1954 Geneva Accord. Vietnam divided, Laos & Cambodia est. Conflict between N. & S. Vietnam. North wanted to reunite country.

1956 Hungarian Uprising, Suez Crisis

1958 France out of Algeria

50s & 60s, independence for most British colonies.

Competition US/USSR for influence in 3^rd W. "coca-colonization", dollar imperialism

Start of Cold War, espionage, arms race, hostility

1946 Iron Curtain speech, start of Indo-China War

1947 Grk. Civil War,Truman Doctrine, Containment

1948 Berlin Blockade, 1^st Arab-Israeli War

1948 fall of Czecho., Marshall Aid

1949 Sov. A-bomb, est of NATO

195-53 Korean War, containment (1^st UN war),armistice

1954 Geneva Accord, Vietnam divided (temporarily)

1956 Hungarian uprising, 2^nd Arab-Israeli War, start of "peaceful coexistence"

1960 Paris Summit collapsed, end of "peaceful coexist"

1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis → détente

1963 Nuclear Test-Ban Tty, "hot line"

1963

to

1991

1964-72 Vietnam War, nationalist for the North Vietnamese

1967 6-Day War – Israeli nationalism

1968 Prague Spring. Czecho. Suppressed, Brezhnev Doctrine

1973 Yom Kippur War 

1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1980 Emergence of Solidarity in Poland

1989 Soviet satellites break away. Collapse of Soviet empire

1964 Tonkin Res.→ Vietnam War till 1975

1967 6-Day War (3^rd Arab-Israeli)

1968 Prague Spring, Brezhnev Doctrine,

"     Non-Proliferation Tty

1971 India-Pakistan war, Bangla Desh est.

1972 SALT I talks begin (arms race goes on anyway)

1973 Yom Kippur War (4^th Arab-Israeli), OPEC uses oil price weapon

1975 Helsinki Accords

1977 SALT I ratified, SALT II talks begun

1979 Sov. Invasion of Afghanistan, end of SALT II

1980-88 Iran-Iraq war

1982 Falkland War

1990-? Bosnian War

Internationalism

(nations collaborating in supranational organizations)

Social Change

1919

to

1933

1919 League of N. est. + agencies, eg. ILO

1923 LoN settled Corfu dispute, supervised mandates, ran Danzig.

1925 Tty of Locarno

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war.

Failures

1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria – Lytton Commission ineffective

1931-33 1^st & 2^nd Disarmament Conferences, failed

1933 Germ. & Japan left the LoN

1933 Lytton Comm. Report

1918 (mostly) votes for women

1919 Prohibition in US and Canada (not Que.)

1921 US limited immigration

1923 peak year for  lynchings in USA. KKK strong

Roaring  20s – flappers, Jazz Age, speakeasies etc.

Spread of dictatorships in E. Europe limited rights

1933

to

1945

1934 USSR joined LoN

1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia. LoN imposed ineffective sanctions.

1936-39 Span. Civ.War. LoN refused to intervene.

1936 Remilit. Of Rhineland

1937 Italy left LoN

1938 Anschluss

         Munich Pact

1939 Annex. of rest of Czecho

1939 Germ. Invasion of Poland

All of above failures of internationalism

1930s Great Depression – hardship, unemployment, increase in Communist and Socialist support

1933 0n, New Deal – increased govt. intervention in US

1935 Wagner Act allowed collective bargaining in US

1933 Enabling Act in Germ ended democ.

1935 Nuremburg Laws targeted Jews –

1942-45 Holocaust

1940 Unemployment Insurance intro in Canada

1942 Beveridge Report in UK laid foundation for the welfare state

WWII increased role of women in the economy & forces

1945 Attlee govt to power in UK

1945

to

1963

1945 UN est. inc. various agencies such as World Bank, GATT, IMF, WHO

1945-7 Nuremburg Trials

1948 UN partition plans for Kashmir, Palestine

1948 Marshall Aid forced formation of OEEC

1950-53 UN fought Korean War

1956 invention of UN peacekeeping in Suez

1960 UN intervent. In Congo

1957 Tty of Rome est. EEC – start of European integration

1946 National Health Service set up in UK

1945 on, UN humanitarian orgs set up – INICEF etc.

1947 baby boom begins

1948 Apartheid est. in S. Africa

   "    UN Declaration of Human Rights

1954 Montgomery bus boycott starts civil rights movement in USA.

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education

1957 Desegregation in Little Rock, Ark.

Emergence of hard-line black gps. in US (SNCC, CORE

1960 Sharpeville Massacre in S.A.

1962 Ist black student in Univ. of Mississippi

1963 M.L.King's mass rally in Washington

1963

to

1991

1964 UN into Cyprus

1967 EEC  became EU, closer integration

1972 SALT I talks started

1974 UN into Golan Heights peacekeeping

1977 SALT I ratified

1978 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon

1979 SALT II talks started

1991 Gulf War-successful UN peacemaking

1964 Civil Rights Act in US

1963-4 Mandela tried & imprisoned in S.A.

1965 Voter Registration Act

1969-74 Golda Meir PM of Israel

1979-89 Margaret Thatcher PM of UK

1966-77 Indira Gandhi PM of India

1975 Helsinki Accords on hum. Rights

1982 Charter of Rights adopted in Canada

1988-96 Benazir Bhutto PM of Pakistan

1982-89 Solidarity campaign in Poland

1989 end of Comm dictatorships in E. Europe

Economic developments

Ideologies

1919

to

1933

1918 War debts owed Europe to USA.

1919 War Communism in Russia

Emergence of USA as econ. Powerhouse.

1921 reparations from Germany decided

   "    NEP in Russia

1922 Fordney-McCumber Act in USA

1923 German hyperinflation

1924 Dawes Plan

1926 USA back on gold standard

1928 1^st 5-yr Plan in USSR, Stock boom in US

1929 Collectivization. Wall St. Crash

1930 Smoot-Hawley tariff bill in US

1933 New Deal

1917 Russian Revolution – 1^st Comm. Govt.

1919 est. of Comintern

1919 Fascism est. by Mussolini in Italy. Hitler joined the Nazi Party in Germany.

Clashes of right vs. left – Spartakists (1919) Kapp Putsch (1920)

1922 Mussolini to power (March on Rome)

1923 Beer Hall Putsch

1927 Stalin sole leader of USSR. Socialism in 1 country.

   "    Chiang Kai-shek purged Comms in China

1933

to

1945

Great Depression

1930 Young Plan

New Deal – Hundred Days, Alphabet Agencies

1932 2^nd 5-year Plan in USSR

1935-8 2^nd New Deal, Wagner Act, WPA

Industrialized countries left gold standard

1937 rearmament began in UK

1939 US oil embargo on Japan

WWII, huge economic boost to victors – Lend-lease, cash & carry, "arsenal of democracy"

1944 Bretton Woods conf. agreed to est. of IMF and World Bank

1933 Hitler became Chancellor. Emergency Decree, Enabling Act created dictatorship.

1934 Night of Long Knives. Hitler became Fuhrer.

   "    Long March in China. Comms escape destruction

1936-39 Span. Civil War, right-wing nationalist rebels vs. socialist Republican govt. each with outside help.

1936 Stalin permits Popular Fronts. Pop. Front govts formed in France, Spain.

WWII coalition vs. Fascism

1945

to

1963

1945-6 econ hardship in Europe

1947 baby boom begins

1948 OEEC, Marshall Aid, Benelux, GATT. Postwar econ. boom gets under way.

1950 Schuman Plan.

1952 ECSC est.

1957 Tty of Rome est. the EEC

1967 EEC became Euro. Union (EU)

1945-89 Cold War. Ideological & realpolitik struggle

1945-48 Sov. Takeover of E. Europe, Iron Curtain

1947 Truman Doctrine, containment

1948 Berlin Blockade

1949 Fed. Rep. Germ., Mao to power in China, NATO

1950-54 McCarthyism in US

1950-53 Korean War

1953 CIA ousted Arbenz, Mossadeq

1956 Secret Speech, peaceful coexistence, Hungary

1957 Eisenhower Doctrine

1960 U2 incident, Paris Summit, end of peaceful coex.

1961 Bay of Pigs, Berlin Wall built.

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

1963 Détente, hot line, Test Ban Tty

1963

to

1991

1973 OPEC oil price increase caused inflation

1973 UK joined the EU

1979-90 Reaganomics – right wing trickle down theory applied in US/UK

1991 Maastricht Treaty est. common currency in Europe

1964-75 Vietnam War

1968 Prague Spring, Brezhnev Doctrine

1973 CIA overthrow of Allende in Chile

1980 Emergence of Solidarity in Poland

1985 Gorbachev to power in USSR. Renounced Brezhnev Doctrine.

1989 Fall of Berlin Wall, breakaway of Sov. Satellites

1991 collapse of the USSR.